Since bellybuttons are so overlooked by the medical world, there really isn't much information on the subject. In fact, as far as the medical world cares, all bellybuttons are good for are hernias and now certain surgeries that can be done through the bellybutton.
Other than hernias, I've noticed outies are formed by working out and the bellybutton being pushed outwards by the abdominal wall, or the same happening due to pregnancy. As for being born with them, I do think scar tissue and how the remains of the cord heal is the one true reason for it.
Until doctors actually bother to study the bellybutton and why they form the shapes that they do, which I seriously doubt they want to do because there's really no money behind it, those are the reasons for outies existing as far as I'm concerned.
Credits, MikeBrooklyn.